Text 9

　　Our world of the mid-1990s faces potentially bursting change. The question is in what direction will it take us?(46)Will the change come from worldwide initiatives that reverse the degradation of the planet and restore hope for the future, or will it come from continuing environmental deterioration that leads to economic decline and social instability?

　　There is no precedent for the rapid substantial change we need to make.(47)Building an environmentally sustainable future depends on restructuring the global economy, major shifts in human reproductive behavior, and dramatic changes in values and lifestyles. Doing all this quickly adds up to a revolution that is driven and defined by the need to restore the earth’s environmental systems. If this Environmental Revolution succeeds, it will rank with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions as one of the great economic and social transformations in human history.

　　Like the Agricultural Revolution, it will dramatically alter population trends.(48)While the former set the stage for enormous increases in human numbers, this revolution will succeed only if it stabilizes human population size, reestablishing a balance between people and natural system on which they depend. In contrast to the Industrial Revolution, which was based on a shift to fossil fuels, this new transformation will be based on a shift away from fossil fuels.

　　(49)The two earlier revolutions were driven by technological advances—the first by the discovery of farming and the second by the invention of the steam engine, which converted the energy in coal into mechanical power. The Environmental Revolution, while it will obviously need new technologies, will be driven primarily by the restructuring of the global economy so that it does not destroy its natural support system.

　　The pace of the Environmental Revolution needs to be far faster than that of its predecessors. The Agricultural Revolution began some 10,000 years ago, and the Industrial Revolution has been under way for about two centuries. But if the Environmental Revolution is to succeed, it must be compressed into a few decades. Progress in the Agricultural Revolution was measured almost exclusively in the growth in food output that eventually enabled farmers to produce a surplus that could feed city dwellers. Similarly, industrial progress was gained by success in expanding the output of raw materials and manufactured goods.(50)The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.

　　参考译文

　　46. 这种变化会来自要彻底扭转地球贫困化趋势、恢复未来希望的全球性进取心呢，还是由环境的不断恶化导致经济衰退和社会动荡所引发？

　　47. 要缔造一个环境能持续支撑的未来，就必须调整世界经济，大力转变人类的繁衍行为，并根本改变价值观和生活方式。

　　48. 农业革命为人口的大量增长准备了条件，而环境革命要获得成功，只有稳定住人口的规模，重建人类与其赖以生存的自然世界之间的协调关系。

　　49. 前两次革命(即农业革命和工业革命)都是由技术的进步推动的：第一次是因为发现了农事，第二次是由于发明了蒸汽机，它能把煤里的能量转化成机械动力。

　　50. 评价环境革命的标准就是看它能否使世界经济转变到在环境上可持续发展的道路上，亦即使经济有更大保障、使生活方式更加健康、使全球人类生活状况普遍改善的发展道路。

　　Text 10

　　People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pollution. (1) Pollution is caused either by the released by man of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment, or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance, such as oil from tankers into the sea.

　　(2) The whole industrial process which makes many of the goods and machines we need and use in our daily lives, is bound to create a number of waste products to upset the environment balance, or the ecological balance as it is also known. Many of these waste products can be prevented or disposed of sensibly, but clearly while more and more new goods are produced and made complex, there will be new, dangerous wastes to be disposed of, for example, the waste products from nuclear power stations. Many people, therefore, see pollution as only part of a larger and more complex problem, that is, the whole process of industrial production and consumption of goods. (3) Others again see the problem mainly in connection with agriculture, where new methods are helping farmers grow more and more on their land to feed our ever-increasing populations. However, the land itself is gradually becoming worn out as it is being used, in some cases, too heavily, and artificial fertilizers cannot restore the balance.

　　(4) Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution cause could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts. In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste. Food comes wrapped up three of four times in packages that all have to be disposed of; drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which cannot be reused. This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, in terms of glass, metals and paper. (5) Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need, but also throw away much of what we do buy. Pollution and waste combine to be problem everyone can help to solve by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.

　　参考译文

　　1. 污染的形成，是由于人类向环境中排放一些全新的、通常是人造的物质；或者是由于向环境中大量排放天然物质，如油轮中的石油排放到海洋中。

　　2. 工业生产的整个过程制造出许多日常生活所需要和使用的东西，同时，必然产生大量的废弃物，从而破坏环境平衡，即人们常说的生态平衡。

　　3. 有的人则把环境污染问题主要看成是农业中的问题，农业中采用新的生产方式，使得农民能够从地里收获更多的粮食以养活不断增长的人口。

　　4. 不管形成污染的潜在原因是什么，只要公司、个人，以及政府做出进一步的努力，毫无疑问，许多污染问题都能够得到控制。

　　5. 广告助长了这种浪费，因为广告不但诱使人们购买他们既不想要也不需要的东西，而且使人们扔掉许多已经买到手的东西。