新东方学校考研英语阅读名师 唐宇

　　考研临考在即，而对于考研英语的复习也进入到了最为紧张的攻坚阶段。当考生已经较为充分地复习过阅读和写作等在考研中所占分数比例较高的项目时，我们不妨把目光转到在考研中相对占分比例较少的新题型上来。从历年的考研实际情况来看，新题型尽管并不能左右考生的分数走向，却可以在一定程度上决定考生的成绩可否更为理想。而新题型尽管要求相对多样化，但是解题思路却应尽量求得简单，因为赘述过多的方法和技巧只会使得思路更加混乱，希望每位即将踏上考场的考生都能做到冷静审慎仔细认真，观察分析考场上所遇到的问题而并非是一味地依赖于方法或是技巧。

　　新题型的三类题型中：

　　(一)选择搭配题

　　以2005至2008年的考题来看，2009年的当家花旦很可能依然是选择搭配题，也就是俗称的7选5，从整体试题难度来看，2005年难于2006年，而2007的难度变化不大。2005年的难度递增数量是典型的1：2：2，而2006年则比较均衡，是0：5：0，因2007的分布趋向于1：3：1。考生需要抓住新题型的脉门，也就是不求全，但求对，换句话说，就是尽可能筛出简单题目的正确选项，而不是盲目的进行通篇筛选。

　　解决选择搭配题，技巧可长篇大论，也可言简意赅。与其我们追求纷繁的技巧，不如静心分析一下究竟该题型侧重考查的方面是什么？基于对语段特征和文章结构理解的题型，不要求我们像在其他项目中对词汇语法等细节处进行分析，而在于如何迅速而准确地把握语段的主体概念。因此，选择搭配题的解题中心思路就在于明确文中语段和选项语段的主体概念，继而通过寻找文中语段和选项语段主体概念的搭配，从备选项中筛选可能选项，进一步排除从而得出正确答案。

　　2005，2006，2007均出现如下现象：

　　1.选项中出现引号或冒号、人名、大写字母、数字、时间、可以迅速归类筛选选项。

　　2.选项开始出现关联词，如and, or, but等，可以迅速归类筛选。在无从确定选项的特点时，标出每个选项中句子的主语或是中心词(主要是名词)，再通过通读文章寻找吻合特征的若干选项，既可以稳定情绪，也能够提高正确率。

　　最后记住，7选5不求全，但求对，如果时间有限的话，明确简单选项后，在可能项中猜也不失为可行之计。

　　下面以2006年真题为例，说明以上内容在具体应试过程中的操作。

　　On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.

　　He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin”.

　　(41)______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

　　In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the “medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

　　(42) ______________.

　　The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.

　　(43) ______________.

　　The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

　　(44) ______________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

　　(45) ______________.

　　Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on——you might say addicted to——revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.

　　(A) Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

　　(B) It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?

　　(C) By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.

　　(D) Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.

　　(E) David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.

　　(F) It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

　　(G) The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

　　相对来讲，确定句子中的主体概念一般是明确主语，(1)当句子的主语是从句或是过长短语的话即是明确从句或是短语中中心词，(2)当句子是主系表结构且主语过长时即是表语，(3)当句子主语为代词或出现特殊代词(such，that等)时则说明存在衔接，需留心。确定特殊细节包括：(1)大写字母——人名、地名、专有名词等(2)数字——时间、金钱等(3)特殊符号，如冒号，引号等。

　　通常选项较短的情况下确定选项的主体概念要更为容易，可以在选项中标注出一部分主体概念再在整篇阅读中带着确定的概念在文章中确定主体概念。

　　通过如上分析，我们不难发现，

　　(41)中备选项有A，C，出现在段首，必然和后文主体概念对应，因此选项的主体概念应为he(Williams)，因此A和C候选。

　　(42)中备选项有A，E，较为困难，因为该位置的上下内容不明显，上文的结尾处说“the letter said that...”，因此下文内容可能与信的内容衔接，而信的内容中主体概念仍为he；下文中出现“The Wall Street Journal reports that...”，衔接内容也应为报导内容中的主体概念，而其中的主体概念为casino(赌场)，而同时出现两个主体概念的只有A，因此正确选项确定为A。由此进一步确定(41)的正确选项为C。

　　(43)中备选项仅有B，E，较为困难在于其上下内容同样缺乏明确主体概念，不过鉴于已经在之前确定的和在下面排除的选项，备选项只有B和E，而E的第二句“But don't bet on it.”和下文无法衔接，而B中的主体概念“lure”和“will”均出现在上文的特殊细节中，词汇的重复出现说明B为正确选项。

　　(44)中备选项仅有F，出现在该段首，因此要与后文构成衔接必然在主体概念上对应，而后句的主体概念为society(社会)，符合的选项仅有F。

　　(45)中备选项有D，G，最后一段首句的主体概念是states(州)，而在选项中能与states对应的概念只有government，因此D，G选项为备选，而G选项中出现了online gambling(在线赌博)，而该概念仅在最后一段中出现过，并且不是中心概念，仅是句中的细节内容，不构成语篇衔接，因此正确选项为D。

　　因此正确的答案顺序为：C A B F D

　　(二)段落排序题

　　排序题型迄今为止还从未被考到，主要原因可能就在于考排序不如考选择搭配。因为排序的选项均是正确选项。确定线索的思路和选择搭配题是一致的，只是在于理清选项间的顺序，因此首先确定第一题和最后一题的范围是有凭据的，就在于题目给出的文章的首尾段。因而考生只需要从给出选项中确定与首位段内容相切合的选项随后再做判断就会更为容易。

　　(三)主旨/举例题

　　2008年考到主旨/举例题相信让很多08年的考生颇为开怀，毕竟，相比起前两类题型，后者更为易于判断和排除，重点就在于抓住所给段落的主旨句。而主旨句的位置常出现在段落的首句或是二句，另外需要留意段落中出现的but，yet，however等转折词也可能标志着主旨句位置的改变。将主旨句的内容和给出选项进行比较即可对所给选项进行排除，由此就可轻松得出正确答案。

　　综上所述，考研新题型与其说是考察考生的英语运用能力，倒不如说是考察考生结合文章内容分析判断主旨并确定上下文关系的能力，因而考生也可以利用阅读多对这一能力进行培养，由此也可以对于新题型的解题起到帮助，而专门复习新题型的最佳方式仍是基于历年真题，毕竟这是解决考研的上选之道。希望所有考生都能藉此顺利通过考研，一圆心中梦想。